西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：最新黃網:www.boshidiaosu.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是最新黃網:西(xi)安鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的(de)物理(li)化學性(xing)質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現(xian)最(zui)早而且(qie)又(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)被應用(yong)得(de)得(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序(xu)數(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)，比(bi)重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟而韌，其延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，易(yi)(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良，良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱更易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，不能做(zuo)(zuo)防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會(hui)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)生成褐色(se)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中二(er)氧(yang)化碳作(zuo)用(yong)形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會(hui)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中氯形(xing)成氯化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具(ju)有(you)良好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致(zhi)密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以可(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)其它(ta)(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)金(jin)屬之底鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)為防止滲(shen)碳氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一可(ke)實用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)(du)打底用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅次(ci)于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而熔點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工。所(suo)以鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝絕大部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)(you)(you)能很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)澤渾厚(hou)、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)和(he)(he)各(ge)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各(ge)種(zhong)環境配合，既(ji)可(ke)制作(zuo)大型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑(su)，又(you)(you)(you)可(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴(zhui)裝(zhuang)飾。所(suo)以這種(zhong)工藝受到很(hen)多藝術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛(ai)，成為許多壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑(su)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加(jia)(jia)(jia)入金(jin)屬錫(xi)冶煉而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變(bian)形(xing)，所(suo)以一般只(zhi)適于(yu)制作(zuo)一些折皺(zhou)少、大塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里加(jia)(jia)(jia)入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔化成為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比(bi)原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)卻由原(yuan)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，有(you)一定準(zhun)確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有(you)一種(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊(zhuang)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
二、最新黃網:西安鍛銅浮(fu)雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)經過不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會(hui)產(chan)生不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)(mei)感和(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)是集材質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)和(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此(ci)，學習和(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從這(zhe)三者入(ru)手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)欣賞(shang)也是需(xu)要(yao)(yao)這(zhe)三方(fang)面來(lai)進(jin)行，如果(guo)只(zhi)是從一個方(fang)面就很難(nan)了(le)解和(he)把握銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同(tong)(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材料和(he)不同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)對加(jia)工(gong)(gong)成型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也不同(tong)(tong)。所以成型和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊(han)接、鉚接、切割(ge)等五(wu)大加(jia)工(gong)(gong)成型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而且(qie)在裝飾(shi)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)面還主要(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)(diao)(diao)金、鍍(du)金和(he)鍍(du)銀三大類。
（一）鑄造工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)是(shi)銅雕塑(su)(su)的(de)(de)最古老的(de)(de)成型工藝(yi)之一，它(ta)的(de)(de)加工方(fang)法是(shi)首先要用黏土(tu)或者其它(ta)可塑(su)(su)材料(liao)做出原型，然后(hou)再翻成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型材料(liao)的(de)(de)不同，主要分為陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它是我(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技(ji)術(shu)之一(yi)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)(xian)早在(zai)(zai)商代就(jiu)(jiu)熟(shu)練地掌握了(le)這種工藝(yi)，并用此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅文化。陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)法(fa)首先(xian)(xian)是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指(zhi)用于(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土(tu)敷在(zai)(zai)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)時分(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒(shao)成(cheng)為陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視(shi)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜程度(du)而定。如(ru)(ru)果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑或器物，在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間距離就(jiu)(jiu)是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度(du)。陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)好澆(jiao)注口和出氣孔(kong)。最后把內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，并敷上(shang)泥層進行加固(gu)。做(zuo)(zuo)好上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對于(yu)(yu)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)復雜的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑，陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)一(yi)次成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)采用分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)(ru)全身(shen)人(ren)像(xiang)雕(diao)(diao)塑，我(wo)們將其頭與身(shen)體、四肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)(xian)將四肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫(zan)不拿出，再與軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接(jie)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時四肢便與軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營最新黃網:鍛銅雕塑定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的(de)物理(li)化學性(xing)質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現(xian)最(zui)早而且(qie)又(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)被應用(yong)得(de)得(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學符號是(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序(xu)數(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)，比(bi)重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟而韌，其延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，易(yi)(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良，良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱更易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，不能做(zuo)(zuo)防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會(hui)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)生成褐色(se)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中二(er)氧(yang)化碳作(zuo)用(yong)形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會(hui)和(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中氯形(xing)成氯化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具(ju)有(you)良好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致(zhi)密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以可(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)其它(ta)(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)金(jin)屬之底鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)為防止滲(shen)碳氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一可(ke)實用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)(du)打底用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅次(ci)于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而熔點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工。所(suo)以鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工藝絕大部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)(you)(you)能很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)澤渾厚(hou)、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)和(he)(he)各(ge)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各(ge)種(zhong)環境配合，既(ji)可(ke)制作(zuo)大型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑(su)，又(you)(you)(you)可(ke)做(zuo)(zuo)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴(zhui)裝(zhuang)飾。所(suo)以這種(zhong)工藝受到很(hen)多藝術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)愛(ai)，成為許多壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕(diao)塑(su)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加(jia)(jia)(jia)入金(jin)屬錫(xi)冶煉而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變(bian)形(xing)，所(suo)以一般只(zhi)適于(yu)制作(zuo)一些折皺(zhou)少、大塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里加(jia)(jia)(jia)入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔化成為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比(bi)原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔點(dian)卻由原(yuan)初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易(yi)(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，有(you)一定準(zhun)確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有(you)一種(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊(zhuang)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
銅(tong)(tong)經過不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會(hui)產(chan)生不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)(mei)感和(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)是集材質之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)和(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此(ci)，學習和(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從這(zhe)三者入(ru)手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)欣賞(shang)也是需(xu)要(yao)(yao)這(zhe)三方(fang)面來(lai)進(jin)行，如果(guo)只(zhi)是從一個方(fang)面就很難(nan)了(le)解和(he)把握銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不同(tong)(tong)種類的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材料和(he)不同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)對加(jia)工(gong)(gong)成型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也不同(tong)(tong)。所以成型和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊(han)接、鉚接、切割(ge)等五(wu)大加(jia)工(gong)(gong)成型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而且(qie)在裝飾(shi)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)面還主要(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)(diao)(diao)金、鍍(du)金和(he)鍍(du)銀三大類。
（一）鑄造工藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)是(shi)銅雕塑(su)(su)的(de)(de)最古老的(de)(de)成型工藝(yi)之一，它(ta)的(de)(de)加工方(fang)法是(shi)首先要用黏土(tu)或者其它(ta)可塑(su)(su)材料(liao)做出原型，然后(hou)再翻成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)模型材料(liao)的(de)(de)不同，主要分為陶范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它是我(wo)國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技(ji)術(shu)之一(yi)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)(xian)早在(zai)(zai)商代就(jiu)(jiu)熟(shu)練地掌握了(le)這種工藝(yi)，并用此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅文化。陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)法(fa)首先(xian)(xian)是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指(zhi)用于(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土(tu)敷在(zai)(zai)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)上(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)時分(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒(shao)成(cheng)為陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多(duo)少視(shi)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復雜程度(du)而定。如(ru)(ru)果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑或器物，在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間距離就(jiu)(jiu)是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度(du)。陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部要(yao)(yao)預先(xian)(xian)做(zuo)(zuo)好澆(jiao)注口和出氣孔(kong)。最后把內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，并敷上(shang)泥層進行加固(gu)。做(zuo)(zuo)好上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對于(yu)(yu)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)復雜的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)塑，陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)往往無法(fa)一(yi)次成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)采用分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如(ru)(ru)全身(shen)人(ren)像(xiang)雕(diao)(diao)塑，我(wo)們將其頭與身(shen)體、四肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)(xian)將四肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫(zan)不拿出，再與軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接(jie)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時四肢便與軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營最新黃網:鍛銅雕塑定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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